E therefore carried out as described in the section “dealing with potential confounders”. As previously noted, some two thirds of the study participants had IL-6 levels below the detection limit of 2.8 ng/L. In order to ensure that this did not skew our results, we also performed a Chisquare test for independence with Yates Continuity Correction on the IL-6 scores divided into detectable (n = 41) or undetectable (n = 85). The result indicated a Oltipraz chemical information significant association between detectable IL-6 and PD status (Pearson’s c2 = 5.08, p,.01).Correlations between Inflammatory Markers and Nonmotor SymptomsIn the patient group, absolute values of TNF-a correlated Anlotinib custom synthesis significantly with FACIT scores (Spearman’s Rho = 20.19, p = .05), HAD depression scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.35, p = .001) as well as 
the HAD anxiety scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.21, p = .03). Further on, sIL-2R correlated significantly with FACIT scores (Spearman’s Rho = 20.34, p = 
.001), HAD depression scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.38, p = .001) as well as the HAD anxiety scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.24, p = .01). High scores on HAD equals more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety while low scores of FACIT reflect more severe fatigue, hence all the significant correlations above shows that high levels of cytokines are associated with more severe symptomatology. There were no significant correlations between any of the non-motor symptoms scales and IL-6 or CRP. SCOPA-S scores did not correlate significantly with any inflammatory biomarker. In the control group, there were no significant correlations between cytokines and symptom scores.CRP, IL-6, sIL-2R and TNF-a in Patients and ControlsMean or median absolute values of CRP, IL-6, sIL-2R and TNF-a of patients and controls are given in Table 1. We found that IL-6 was significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U = 1344.5, p = .02). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the levels of CRP, sIL-2R or TNF-a between the two groups. When exploring gender differences, mean scores of IL-6 and CRP did not differ significantly between males and females. There were, however, significant gender differences in levels of sIL-2R (Mann-WhitneyNon-Motor Symptoms and Serum Cytokines in PDDealing with Potential ConfoundersSince there were significant gender differences in sIL-2R and TNF-a (as opposed to the other variables analyzed in the group wise comparisons), we conducted two separate ANCOVAS with the natural logarithms of sIL-2R and TNF-a as dependent variables respectively. Male/female and patient/control were entered as fixed factors and age as a covariate in each model. After adjusting for the effect of gender and age, there were no significant differences between the two groups in TNF-a (F (1, 122) = 2.07, p = .15, ns) or sIL-2R (F (1, 119) = 0.007, p = .93, ns) levels. Since there was a trend for a greater proportion of individual with cardiovascular disease in the control group, we 12926553 performed an additional analysis, excluding all patients and controls with cardiovascular disease and repeated the group comparisons (68 PD patients 27 healthy controls). The difference in IL-6 levels remained significant (Mann-Whitney U = 705.5, p = 0.04) and in addition PD patients displayed significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha (Mann-Whitney U = 674.5, p = 0.04). In order to control for potential confounders in the correlative analyses, we conducted three hierarchical regression models with FACIT (one outlier excluded.E therefore carried out as described in the section “dealing with potential confounders”. As previously noted, some two thirds of the study participants had IL-6 levels below the detection limit of 2.8 ng/L. In order to ensure that this did not skew our results, we also performed a Chisquare test for independence with Yates Continuity Correction on the IL-6 scores divided into detectable (n = 41) or undetectable (n = 85). The result indicated a significant association between detectable IL-6 and PD status (Pearson’s c2 = 5.08, p,.01).Correlations between Inflammatory Markers and Nonmotor SymptomsIn the patient group, absolute values of TNF-a correlated significantly with FACIT scores (Spearman’s Rho = 20.19, p = .05), HAD depression scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.35, p = .001) as well as the HAD anxiety scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.21, p = .03). Further on, sIL-2R correlated significantly with FACIT scores (Spearman’s Rho = 20.34, p = .001), HAD depression scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.38, p = .001) as well as the HAD anxiety scores (Spearman’s Rho = 0.24, p = .01). High scores on HAD equals more severe symptoms of depression and anxiety while low scores of FACIT reflect more severe fatigue, hence all the significant correlations above shows that high levels of cytokines are associated with more severe symptomatology. There were no significant correlations between any of the non-motor symptoms scales and IL-6 or CRP. SCOPA-S scores did not correlate significantly with any inflammatory biomarker. In the control group, there were no significant correlations between cytokines and symptom scores.CRP, IL-6, sIL-2R and TNF-a in Patients and ControlsMean or median absolute values of CRP, IL-6, sIL-2R and TNF-a of patients and controls are given in Table 1. We found that IL-6 was significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (Mann-Whitney U = 1344.5, p = .02). In contrast, there were no significant differences in the levels of CRP, sIL-2R or TNF-a between the two groups. When exploring gender differences, mean scores of IL-6 and CRP did not differ significantly between males and females. There were, however, significant gender differences in levels of sIL-2R (Mann-WhitneyNon-Motor Symptoms and Serum Cytokines in PDDealing with Potential ConfoundersSince there were significant gender differences in sIL-2R and TNF-a (as opposed to the other variables analyzed in the group wise comparisons), we conducted two separate ANCOVAS with the natural logarithms of sIL-2R and TNF-a as dependent variables respectively. Male/female and patient/control were entered as fixed factors and age as a covariate in each model. After adjusting for the effect of gender and age, there were no significant differences between the two groups in TNF-a (F (1, 122) = 2.07, p = .15, ns) or sIL-2R (F (1, 119) = 0.007, p = .93, ns) levels. Since there was a trend for a greater proportion of individual with cardiovascular disease in the control group, we 12926553 performed an additional analysis, excluding all patients and controls with cardiovascular disease and repeated the group comparisons (68 PD patients 27 healthy controls). The difference in IL-6 levels remained significant (Mann-Whitney U = 705.5, p = 0.04) and in addition PD patients displayed significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha (Mann-Whitney U = 674.5, p = 0.04). In order to control for potential confounders in the correlative analyses, we conducted three hierarchical regression models with FACIT (one outlier excluded.