186, Korea; [email protected] Division of Marine-Bio Convergence Science, Pukyong
186, Korea; [email protected] Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this function.Citation: Suryaningtyas, I.T.; Ahn, C.-B.; Je, J.-Y. Cytoprotective Peptides from Blue Mussel Protein Hydrolysates: Identification and Mechanism Investigation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Injury. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110609 Academic Editors: Donatella Degl’Innocenti and Marzia Vasarri Received: 9 October 2021 Accepted: 26 October 2021 Published: 27 OctoberAbstract: Cardiovascular disease represents a leading bring about of mortality and is typically characterized by the emergence of endothelial dysfunction (ED), a physiologic condition that requires spot in the early progress of atherosclerosis. Within this study, two cytoprotective peptides derived from blue mussel chymotrypsin hydrolysates with the sequence of EPTF and FTVN have been purified and identified. Molecular mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effects against oxidative strain which result in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) injury were investigated. The results showed that pretreatment of EPTF, FTVN and their mixture (1:1) in 0.1 mg/mL considerably reduced HUVEC death on account of H2 O2 exposure. The cytoprotective mechanism of these peptides requires an improvement within the cellular antioxidant defense program, as indicated by the suppression with the intracellular ROS generation by way of upregulation of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1. Furthermore, H2 O2 exposure triggers HUVEC harm by way of the apoptosis course of action, as evidenced by enhanced cytochrome C release, Bax protein expression, as well as the elevated level of activated caspase-3, however in HUVEC Moveltipril MedChemExpress pretreated with peptides and their combination, the presence of these apoptotic stimuli was Goralatide Description substantially decreased. Each and every peptide showed similar cytoprotective effect but no synergistic effect. Taken together, these peptides could be especially vital in protecting against oxidative stress-mediated ED. Search phrases: bioactive peptide; cytoprotective; oxidative strain; endothelial dysfunction; blue mussel1. Introduction The imbalance involving the antioxidant defense mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in a physiological method leads to oxidative tension and connected illness consequences. Regulated ROS generation is important for the activation of protective signaling pathways, but when in excess quantity it induces oxidative stress. Oxidative tension induces depolarization on the mitochondrial membrane. When the mitochondrial membrane potential is reduced, a series of signaling proteins is activated, which results in the activation of various stress-responsive genes, such as p53, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 [1]. This results in enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, severe cell harm, and apoptosisinduced cell death [2,3]. These danger things can induce endothelial dysfunction (ED) by way of many different processes [4,5]. The endothelium, specifically the terminal arteries, is damaged by too much ROS, which disrupts the intracellular reduction-oxidation balance. Hence, ED is regarded as an early indicator in the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [6,7]. Because oxidative anxiety is defined as a attainable bring about of cardiovascular disease, remedy with antioxidants is often a very good tactic to prevent CVD-causing endothelial vein damage. Not too long ago, marine-derived meals protein.