Tergic mixed synapse,possibly involving a spiny interneuron or even a CApyr dendrite within the infrapyramidal bundle. These data demonstrate widespread distribution of neuronal gap junctions in hippocampus,with most either at glutamatergic mixed synapses or in association with extrasynaptic glutamate receptor clusters. We also demonstrated dyecoupling of CApyrtoMF axons in weakly fixed hippocampal slices,extending prior dyecoupling data also obtained making use of LY. These data supply direct anatomical proof supporting our current functional evidence for glutamatergic transmission from dentate granule cells to CApyr (Vivar et al,but far more commonly offer proof for widespread glutamatergic mixed synapses throughout the hippocampal formation. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS John E. Rash,Farid HamzeiSichani,Ole P. Ottersen,Rafael Guti rez,and Roger D. Traub made research; Farid HamzeiSichani performed dyecoupling and TEM studies; John E. Rash,Kimberly G. V. Davidson,Farid HamzeiSichani,and Ole P. Ottersen conducted the FRIL studies; Farid HamzeiSichani ready samples for thinsection TEM and William G. M. Janssen helped with the thinsection TEM research; Thomas Yasumura prepared samples for FRIL; and John E. Rash,Farid HamzeiSichani,Kimberly G. V. Davidson,Rafael Guti rez,Ole P. Ottersen,Patrick R. Hof,and Roger D. Traub wrote the paper. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by NIH grants NS (Roger D. Traub); MH (Patrick R. Hof); and NS,S RR,S RR (John E. Rash),and by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog ,Mexico,I FON.INST. (Rafael Guti rez). We want to thank Dr. Naomi Kamasawa for early examinations of various on the FRIL replicas and for valuable comments on the manuscript.neuromodulation,complementing the classical retrograde chemical signaling conveyed,for example,by cannabinoids (Lee et al. Uchigashima et al and nitric oxide (Nicolarakis et al. The diverse subregions on the hippocampus have to be finetuned to be able to maintain a suitable excitatoryinhibitory balance; and interregional handle of excitability (by quickly electrical transmission) may possibly be a mechanism that enables synchrony in pattern transmission. Among the major consequences with the disruption of such balance may be the emergence of epileptic activity. In humans,seizures of focal origin especially complex partial seizures have a propensity to originate in temporal lobe structures,such as hippocampus,entorhinal cortex,and nearby regions,with seizure activity arising in the temporal lobe entering the hippocampus by way of the perforant path in the entorhinal cortex. Noteworthy,the CA region plays a essential function within the generation of oscillatory activity and within the generation and propagation of seizures (Traub et al,and gap junction channels are strongly modulated by changes that epileptiform activity produces inside the microenvironment (Traub et al.Frontiers in Neuroanatomywww.frontiersin.orgMay Volume Post HamzeiSichani et al.Glutamatergic mixed synapses in hippocampus
BMC BioinformaticsResearchBioMed CentralOpen AccessGeneFisherP: variations of GeneFisher as processes in BiojETIAnnaLena Lamprecht,Tiziana Margaria,Bernhard Steffen,Alexander Sczyrba,Sven Hartmeier PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573802 and Robert GiegerichAddress: MedChemExpress Ansamitocin P 3 Dortmund University of Technologies,Chair of Programming Systems,Dortmund D,Germany,Potsdam University,Chair of Service and Application Engineering,Potsdam D,Germany and Bielefeld University,Faculty of Technology,Bielefeld D,Germany Email: AnnaLena Lamprecht annalena.lamprechtcs.unidortmund.de; Tiziana M.