With malignant carcinoma. As a result, each how you can overcome the resistance of chemo-/radiotherapy and tips on how to enhance the curative effect of cancer remedy are pressing challenges to be solved. The precise failure mechanisms of chemo-/radioresistance are multifactorial failures and may be classified broadly in to the following two categories: tumor cell intrinsic resistance, which is largely due to the germinal genetic makeup as outlined by Kartal-Yandim et al,six and on account of tumor microenvironment-related aspects as outlined by Gottesman.7 In recent years, Prasad et al3 identified 3 tumor cell intrinsic resistance mechanisms, the higher expression of MDR1 (multidrug resistance gene)OncoTargets and Therapy 2018:11 3003Correspondence: Lixia Jiang; Tianyu Zhong Division of Laboratory Medicine, Initially Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Healthcare University, 23 Qingnian Road, Ganzhou, Ropivacaine Epigenetics Jiangxi Province 341000, People’s Republic of China Tel +86 797 828 3947 e-mail [email protected]; [email protected] your manuscript | dovepress.comDovepresshttp://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S2018 Xia et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Health-related Press Restricted. The complete terms of this license are available at https://dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the operate you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial utilizes in the function are permitted with no any additional permission from Dove Health-related Press Limited, supplied the perform is appropriately attributed. For permission for industrial use of this function, please see paragraphs four.two and 5 of our Terms (https://dovepress.com/terms.php).Xia et alDovepressin tumor cells, alterations in drug metabolism, and drug transport. In addition, Verduzco et al, Muz et al, and other individuals now extensively accept that the alteration in tumor microenvironment through chemo-/radiotherapy leads to the expression of tumor-microenvironment-related factors, which contribute significantly to chemo-/radioresistance.81 Hypoxia will be the most typical and clear neoplastic microenvironment in strong tumors and is because of the speedy proliferation of tumor cells.12 Additionally, Verduzco et al8 and Muz et al9 reported that the hypoxia tumor microenvironment is an independent prognostic factor in a diverse range of strong human tumors; HIF-1, a nuclear transcription issue, can be a biomarker in the hypoxia microenvironment.12 Both Wu et al13 and Lixia et al14 reported that HIF-1 protein expression has been detected in most types of solid tumors and is linked with increased tumor growth, vascularization, and metastasis. Furthermore, HIF-1 activation has an emerging part in increasing resistance to existing cancer therapies.ten,11 Moreover, each Dong et al15 and Greco and Benzyl-PEG13-azide Autophagy Scott16 reported that a lot of mechanisms are involved in the roles of HIF-1 through the promotion of the survival of tumor cells beneath chemo-/radiotherapy and chemo-/ radioresistance. Constitutive activation of HIF-1 is observed within a broad spectrum of solid tumors, and HIF-1 has an emerging part in tumorigenesis and chemo-/radioresistance. As a result, inhibiting the HIF-1 activity may represent a useful anticancer therapeutic technique. This overview gives an overview of current observations relating to the effects of HIF-1 on chemo-/radioresistance with unique emphasis around the underlying molecular mechanisms.HIF-1 promotes chemo-/ radioresistance in tumor cellsA hypoxia microenvironment forms e.