Post-fire all-natural reference internet sites, which have been previously forested stands. We selected the reference web-sites, 1 per mining web page, according to their proximity towards the respective mine websites and the time since the last fire disturbance. Given the incredibly limited quantity of reference web-sites fitting our criteria, our chosen organic reference websites did not burn inside the very same years because the reclamation (2012 at Niobec and 2015 at Mont-Wright) within our experimental web pages. Close to the Niobec mine, our reference web page was a mixed forest stand that burned in 2007 (48 29 30.4 N, 71 00 53.three W), plus the Mont-Wright reference stand was a young black spruce forest that burned in 2007 (52 15 11.0 N, 67 41 27.5 W). two.two. Experimental Style At the Niobec tailing storage facilities web site, we established, in 2012, a full randomized block and factorial design (split-split-plot) with four replicates. We tested ten reclamation treatments involving combinations of organic amendments (topsoil or topsoil paper mill sludges (PMS) mixture) and revegetation with trees (larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton), a remedy using the three mixed tree species (larch, paper birch, and red pine), as well as a manage without having trees). At the Niobec web-site, a 10 cm layer of topsoil was spread onto the tailings from an all-terrain Bomedemstat MedChemExpress automobile (Caterpillar D10) and evened out more than the ground. The car operator also removed any big rocks C2 Ceramide custom synthesis identified inside the topsoil. The topsoil had been excavated from yet another region with the tailing facility and stockpiled for two years prior to its use. We split every block (25 m 600 m) into two primary plots. Every single plot was randomly attributed to certainly one of two organic amendment therapies: (1) no application of amendment or (2) the application (and rototilling) of PMS (obtained from Resolute Forest Items, Jonqui e, Qu ec; see Table 1 for its chemical characteristics) at a rate of 35 Mg(dry) a-1 . The PMS used contained a very low concentration of heavy metals (analyses not shown), in line with Canadian requirements [48]. We, then, divided every principal plot into 5 equal subplots (25 m 60 m) in which we planted 40 to 60 cm-tall trees at a density of 2250 trees a-1 (two 2 m spacing). We selected the tree species determined by 11 criteria, including tolerance to drought, nutrient requirements, and cost (unpublished data), which had been created by Niobec, Inc. We randomly attributed among five selected tree covers to every subplot. The tree cover was either (1) no trees planted; (2) Larix laricina; (three) Pinus resinosa (specimens of both Larix laricina and Pinus resinosa had been obtained in the Normandin nursery from the Qu ec Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks); (4) Betula papyrifera (obtained in the Boucher nursery, St-Ambroise, Qu ec); (five) a mixture of all 3 tree species. We, then, seeded all plantation plots with clovers (Trifolium spp.) at a price of 50 kg a-1 . A clover remedy (devoid of tree) represents the business-as-usual reclamation situation at the Niobec internet site.Land 2021, 10,4 ofTable 1. Chemical traits of amendments utilised to reclaim tailing facilities in the Niobec and Mont-Wright tailing storage facilities. Web-site Amendments pH C:N ratio Total C (g g-1 ) Total N (g g-1 ) Total P (g g-1 ) Total K (g g-1 ) Niobec PMS 7.64 23.three 350.0 15.0 2.182 0.830 Mont-Wright Norco (Chicken Manure) 8.4 295.65 36.five ten.77 18.PMS 7.47 29 464 16.00 two.200 0.For the Mont-Wright site, reclamation started on th.